Gateway on Pesticide Hazards and Safe Pest Management

Updates from the Daily News Blog

Court Rejects Case to Reinstate Environmental Protections on U.S. Wildlife Refuges, as Report Shows Increasing Pesticide Use
October 1, 2020

Court Decision Highlights Systemic Failure of Federal Pesticide Law to Protect Health and the Environment, Despite a Silver Lining and a Must-Read, Powerful Dissenting Opinion
August 11, 2020

Study Matches Parkinson's Disease Risk to Zip Code, Proximity to Pesticide Use
July 7, 2020

Tell USDA to Reject Bayer-Monsanto's Multi-Herbicide Tolerant Corn—Please sign the petition by Monday, July 6, 4pm EDT
June 29, 2020

Take Action: EPA Must Evaluate the Effects of Multiple Pesticide Ingredient Use and Exposure
October 15, 2019

Corroborating Earlier Studies, a Reduction in Pesticide Residues in Consumers Found after Switching to an Organic Diet
February 15, 2019

Acute Pesticide Incidents May Lead to Loss of Smell
January 23, 2019

USDA Capitulates to the Agrichemical Industry with Final GE Labeling Rule
January 8, 2019

Study of Rural New York State Homes Finds Pesticides in Every Sample Tested
October 18, 2018

Weeds on Missouri Cropland Found To Be Resistant to Six Different Herbicides
August 2, 2018

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2,4-D

General Information

• Fact Sheet: 2-4-D.pdf
• Product Names:

  Crossbow (Dow), formulated with Triclopyr, Petroleum distillates
  GlyMIX MT (Dow), formulated with Glyphosate
  Grazon P+D (Dow)
  Pathway (Dow)
  Aqua-Kleen (Nufarm America)
  Barrage (Helena Chemical)
  Malerbane (Aventis)
  Weedone (Nufarm America)
  Weedtrine- II (Nufarm America)

• Chemical Class: Phenoxy herbicide
• Uses: Registered for field, fruit, and vegetable crops, turf, lawns, rights-of-way, aquatic sites, forestry applications, post-emergence broadleaf weeds, plant growth regulator in citrus
• Alternatives: Organic agriculture,  Organic Lawn care
• Beyond Pesticides rating: Toxic

Health and Environmental Effects

• Cancer: Yes (4)
• Endocrine Disruption: Probable (5)
• Reproductive Effects: Yes (6)
• Neurotoxicity: Yes (7)
• Kidney/Liver Damage: Yes (7)
• Sensitizer/ Irritant: Yes (4)
• Birth/Developmental: Yes (4)
• Detected in Groundwater: Yes (4)
• Potential Leacher: Yes (7)
• Toxic to Birds: Yes (4)
• Toxic to Fish/Aquatic Organisms: Yes (8)
• Toxic to Bees: Yes (4)

Residential Uses as Found in the ManageSafe™ Database

• Dandelions
• Clover
• Ground Ivy
• Plantains
• Japanese Knotweed

Additional Information

• Regulatory Status:
  • Beyond Pesticides' comments on Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration review (7/2017)
  • EPA Registration Review (2017)
  • Beyond Pestides' comments on registration of Enlist Duo (12/2016)
  • Registration of Enlist Duo (2014)
  • EPA Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) signed (6/2005)
  • Beyond Pesticides' RED comments (8/2004)
• Supporting information:
  • Daily News Blog entries (Beyond Pesticides)
  • Asthma, Children and Pesticides (Beyond Pesticides)
  • Children & Lawn Chemicals Don't Mix (Beyond Pesticides)
  • The Safer Choice (Beyond Pesticides)
  • NCAP 2,4-D Factsheet (Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides)
  • PAN Pesticides Database: 2,4-D (Pesticide Action Network)
• Studies:
  • IARC Monographs evaluate DDT, lindane, and 2,4-D. (2015) 
  • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-resistant crops and the potential for evolution of 2,4-D-resistant weeds. Egan JF, Maxwell BD, Mortensen DA, et al. 2011. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 108(11): E37.
  • Cancer and pesticides: an overview and some results of the Italian multicenter case-control study on hematolymphopoietic malignancies
    Miligi, L., et al. 2006. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Breast cancer risk in Hispanic agricultural workers in California
    Mills, P.K. and Yang, R. 2005. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health.
  • Lymphohematopoietic cancers in the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), 1988-2001.  Mills PK, Yang R, Riordan D. 2005. Cancer Causes Control.
  • Herbicide exposure and the risk of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in Scottish terriers, Glickman, et. al. 2004. Journal of the American Medical Association.
  • Biomarker correlations of urinary 2,4-D levels in foresters: genomic instability and encodrine disruption. Garry, V.F., et al. 2001. Environ Health Pers.
  • A Case–Control Study of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Exposure to Pesticides Journal of the American Cancer Society, 1999.
  • Pesticides in Household Dust and Soil: Exposure Pathways for Children of Agricultural Families, Simcox, et. al. 1995.Environmental Health Perspectives.
  • Pesticides and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Zahm SH and Blair A. 1992. Cancer Res.
  • A case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in eastern Nebraska.. Zahm, S., et al. 1990. Epidemiology 1(5):349-356
  • A longitudinal study of atrazine and 2,4-D exposure and oxidative stress markers among iowa corn farmers.. Lerro CC, Beane Freeman LE, Portengen L, Kang D, et al. 2017. Environ Mol Mutagen. 58(1):30-38.
  • Agricultural exposures and gastric cancer risk in Hispanic farm workers in California. Mills, P.K., and Yang, R.C. 2007. Environ Res 104(2):282-289.
  • Agricultural herbicide use and a risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma.. Hoar, S., et al. 1986. Journal of the American Medical Association 259(9): 1141-1147
  • Biomonitoring data for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the United States and Canada: interpretation in a public health risk assessment context using Biomonitoring Equivalents. Aylward LL et al. 2010. Environ Health Perspect. 118(2):177-81
  • Autism: Transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents. Román, G, C. 2007. Journal of the Neurological Sciences; 262(1-2), pp 15-26
  • Birth Malformations and Other Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Four U.S. Wheat-Producing States.. Schreinemachers, D. 2003. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9).
  • Cancer and pesticides: an overview and some results of the Italian multicenter case-control study on hematolymphopoietic malignancies. Miligi, L., et al. 2006. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1076:366-377
  • Developmental Toxicity of a Commercial Herbicide Mixture in Mice: I. Effects on Embryo Implantation and Litter Size. Cavieres, M., et al. 2002. Environ Health Perspect 110:1081-1085