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Gateway test
Bromoxynil
General Information
- Product Names:
- Chemical Class: Benzonitrile herbicide
- Uses: Agriculture, Lawns/broadleaf plants
- Alternatives: Organic Agriculture, Organic lawn care
- Beyond Pesticides rating: Toxic
Health and Environmental Effects
- Cancer: Possible (1)
- Endocrine Disruption: Yes (2)
- Reproductive Effects: Not documented
- Neurotoxicity: Not documented
- Kidney/Liver Damage: Yes (1)
- Sensitizer/ Irritant: Yes (3)
- Birth/Developmental: Yes (4, 1)
- Detected in Groundwater: Yes (5)
- Potential Leacher: Not documented
- Toxic to Birds: Yes (1)
- Toxic to Fish/Aquatic Organisms: Yes (1)
- Toxic to Bees: Not documented
Additional Information
- Regulatory Status:
- EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) signed (9/1998)
- Supporting information:
- Extoxnet Pesticide Factsheet (Extension Toxicology Network)
- PAN Pesticides Database: (Pesticide Action Network)
- Studies [compiled from the Pesticide-Induced Diseases Database]
- Autism: Transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents. Román, G, C. 2007. Journal of the Neurological Sciences; 262(1-2), pp 15-26
- Proximity to residential and workplace pesticides application and the risk of progression of Parkinson's diseases in Central California. Li, S. et al. (2022) Proximity to residential and workplace pesticides application and the risk of progression of parkinson’s diseases in Central California, Science of The Total Environment. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722079542.
- Toxicological assessment of bromoxynil and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide in combination on Cirrhinus mrigala using multiple biomarker approach. Afzal, F., Ghaffar, A., Jamil, H., Abbas, G., Tahir, R., & Ataya, F. S. (2024). Toxicological assessment of bromoxynil and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide in combination on Cirrhinus mrigala using multiple biomarker approach. The Science of the total environment, 926, 172019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172019
Gateway Health and Environmental Effects Citations
1. US EPA, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs), Interim REDS (iREDs) and RED Factsheets. https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/html/status.html.
2. European Commission. Endocrine Disruptors: Study on Gathering Information on 435 Substances with Insufficient Data. Final Report. EU DG Environment: B4-3040/2001/325850/MAR/C2. BKH Consulting Engineers: M0355037. November 2002. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/endocrine/pdf/bkh_report.pdf#page=76.
3. Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET) Pesticide Information Profiles. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html
4. California Environmental Protection Agency. Proposition 65: Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. February 25, 2022.https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65chemicalslistsinglelisttable2021p.pdf
5. U.S. Geological Survey, Pesticides in the Nation's Streams and Ground Water, 1992-2001. http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/pubs/circ1291/appendix7.